Interests
sea ice
Sea ice is a fundamental component of the climate system and it is rapidly changing. Arctic sea ice, in particular, has undergone striking changes over the past few decades and is projected to continue to change throughout the next century. One of the goals of my research is to identify processes that control the short- and long- term evolution of Arctic sea ice and explain how sea ice cover in both hemispheres interacts with the atmosphere and ocean. I am also interested in the seasonal-to-decadal predictability of Arctic sea ice. My work uses state-of-the-art climate models, observations, and idealized conceptual models. I am also broadly interested in improving the representation of sea ice in climate models.
ocean circulation
The ocean's overturning circulation regulates Earth's climate by transporting heat and freshwater between hemispheres, influencing the rate of ocean heat uptake, and ventilating the interior of the ocean. Sparse observations necessitates the use of idealized, conceptual models that help to reveal primary controls on the ocean's overturning circulation. Such models have been fundamental in our understanding of the ocean’s deep stratification and meridional overturning circulation. Recent and ongoing work examines: how the meridional overturning circulation responds to warming on centennial-to-millennial timescales; the role of ocean heat transport in polar climate change; the influence of ocean-atmosphere coupling on North Atlantic ocean overturning; and the role of low-latitude surface forcing in the global ocean overturning in past climates.
climate dynamics
The atmosphere exerts a fundamental influence on the ocean through exchange of freshwater, heat, and momentum, and in turn the ocean influences the atmosphere through its control on sea surface temperature and heat transport. How the ocean responds to changes in atmospheric conditions depends crucially on the processes that set surface water mass transformation. I am interested in how these relationships set the current climate and how they have differed in past climates. To disentangle these processes, I use simple expressions and climate model hierarchies that reveal fundamental aspects of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system.
climate change
The spatial pattern of climate change is set by interactions between atmosphere and ocean heat transport, radiative forcing, radiative feedbacks, and ocean heat uptake. I am interested in the relative importance of each and how idealized energy balance models can be used to infer processes that set features such as polar amplified warming and the pattern of precipitation and evaporation. This research uses simple methods and idealized models to identify how each component contributes to the pattern of climate change. I am also interested in estimating the forced and un-forced patterns of climate change using statistical methods.
Current Projects
Response of global ocean overturning to orbital forcing
with Andy Thompson, Emily Newsom, and Jess Adkins
Understanding how the general ocean circulation responds to orbital forcing is important for interpreting paleoclimate records, especially during the glacial-interglacial cycles of the late Pleistocene. Here, we are using a state-of-the-art climate model that was forced with a range of greenhouse-gas concentrations and different combinations of obliquity and precession to study the equilibrium structure of ocean circulation after experiencing large changes in external forcing.
ocean overturning, ocean circulation
Polar clouds and sea ice
with Tapio Schneider, Sally Zhang, and Zhaoyi Shen
Clouds play an important role in the Arctic environment and depend crucially on coupled ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions. Yet, precisely how the retreat of sea ice impacts the development of clouds in the Arctic and feedbacks on the climate system is unclear. Here, we are coupling a model of the atmospheric column to a simplified sea ice model to understand primary controls on cloud behavior and its radiative effects in the Arctic.
climate dynamics, feedbacks, ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions
A conceptual model of ocean overturning in the North Atlantic
with Andy Thompson
Idealized models have been fundamental in our understanding of the ocean's overturning circulation. In most conceptual models, the representation of deep-water formation in the North Atlantic has been prescribed and not allowed to feedback on changes in surface conditions. Here, we are developing a way to represent the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) to better understand its response to warming and role in ocean heat uptake.
ocean overturning, ocean circulation, ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions
Previous Projects
Response of the hydrologic cycle to global warming
with Kyle Armour, Gerard Roe, and Nick Siler
Recent studies have shown that a simple model that makes an assumption about how atmospheric heat transport behaves is remarkably successful at emulating the hydrologic response of climate models to an increase of carbon-dioxide. Through the lens of this simple model we studied how the pattern of changes in precipitation and evaporation depends on the pattern of warming and circulation changes. We also used this model to explain the spread in the predicted patterns of evaporation and precipitation made by climate models under global warming.
climate dynamics, climate change, feedbacks
Transient and equilibrium responses of the ocean's overturning circulation to warming
with Andy Thompson, Emily Newsom, Shantong Sun, and Maria Rugenstein
Understanding how the ocean's overturning circulation responds to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations is important for predicting future climate. Here, we studied the transient and equilibrium responses of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) to warming in a suite of millennial-length simulations from state-of-the-art climate models. We show that a simple expression — which is widely used in idealized ocean models — can be used to explain both the initial weakening and eventual recovery of the AMOC. This study improves our understanding of the short- and long- term changes of the AMOC to external forcing and highlights the unique role of salinity and temperature dynamics.
ocean overturning, ocean circulation, climate change
Constraints on the loss of Arctic sea ice
with Tapio Schneider, Ian Eisenman, and Robert Wills
Uncertainty in projections of Arctic sea ice arises primarily because of structural differences between climate models and how they respond to rising greenhouse-gas concentrations. To constrain this uncertainty, we used a simple expression that relates past sea ice to future sea ice through a metric known as the local sea ice sensitivity. This expression enabled us to explain what processes cause the inter-model spread in projections and how these processes influence estimates of when the Arctic will be seasonally free of sea ice.
sea ice, climate change
Uncertainty in projections of Arctic sea ice
with Flavio Lehner and Marika Holland
Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the past few decades and is projected to continue declining throughout the 21st century. Internal variability of the climate system can mask human-induced sea-ice loss on decadal timescales, meaning it must be properly accounted for when interpreting observations and characterizing projections. Using a suite of fully-coupled global climate model ensembles that represent different realizations of internal variability, we studied how internal variability confounds estimates of regional and total Arctic sea ice loss in the coming decades (see Bonan et al., 2021).
sea ice, internal variability, climate change, predictability
Influence of the Pacific Ocean on Arctic sea ice
with Ed Blanchard-Wrigglesworth
Our understanding of atmospheric teleconnections is derived from the temporally-limited observational record, which means we are only seeing a glimpse of these patterns. Using an ensemble of fully-coupled global climate models, we studied how a relationship between the Pacific Ocean and Arctic sea ice evolves in time and showed that this relationship is non-stationary in time. In the context of observed Arctic sea ice, when this mode shifts in the future, we can expect significant changes to the magnitude of sea ice loss (see Bonan and Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, 2020).
sea ice, ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions, internal variability, predictability
Regional predictions of Arctic sea ice
with Mitch Bushuk and Mike Winton
Accurately predicting Arctic sea ice is of interest to many stakeholders, including indigenous communities, fisheries, and the shipping industry. Using an ensemble of fully-coupled global climate models and a simple linear regression model, we demonstrated that there is a robust springtime predictability barrier across dynamical models, which suggests there is a fundamental limit on accurate forecasts of regional Arctic sea ice and a physical mechanism universal to all global climate models (see Bonan et al., 2019 and Bushuk et al., 2020).
predictability, sea ice
Uncertainty in the spatial pattern of warming
with Kyle Armour, Gerard Roe, Nick Siler, and Nicole Feldl
As global climate models have increased in complexity, the number of physical processes representing the climate system has also increased. A central goal of climate science is to understand how uncertainty in these physical processes translates into uncertainty in the forced response. Within climate models, though, it is a challenge to disaggregate the individual factors contributing to uncertainty and explore each in a systematic way. To circumvent this problem, we used a simple model — which describes how energy is transported from the tropics to the poles — to study uncertainty in the spatial pattern of warming (see Bonan et al., 2018 and this EOS spotlight).
climate dynamics, climate change, feedbacks
Glacier trends and natural variability in the climate system
with Knut Christianson and John Christian
Glacier retreat is an iconic symbol of anthropogenic climate change. Mass loss from any particular glacier, however, is the result of both anthropogenic and natural changes. Using a statistical method known as dynamical adjustment, we studied how circulation anomalies affect seasonal glacier mass-balance trends to quantify the influence of natural variability on glacier mass loss in the North Atlantic (see Bonan et al., 2019).
climate variability, internal variability, ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions
Effects of orography on large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation
with Dargan Frierson and Rachel White
Mountains play an important role in shaping the Earth's climate. Not only do these features modulate the circulation of the atmosphere, but they also control the strength of circulation in the ocean through changes in precipitation and wind patterns. By running idealized experiments in which mountains were removed from specific geographic regions in global climate models, we studied the influence of orography on large-scale oceanic and the atmospheric circulation.
ocean circulation, ocean overturning, atmospheric circulation